diff --git a/TODO.md b/TODO.md
index 9506e78..cd55485 100644
--- a/TODO.md
+++ b/TODO.md
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 
 - implement the RAID merger algorithm (merges multiple drives or filesystems together into a bigger config)
 - write a tester OS, basically a menu with tests to run
-- tmpdrive
-- tmpfs (reork the whole thing)
+- tmpfs (rework the whole thing)
 - device info
 - userdata support
 
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ Not everything OC has (as a few of them are really MC-centered) but most of it.
 - `microphone` component, allows reading audio from nearby sources
 - `tape_drive` component, compatible with Computronics
 - `cd_drive` to work with CDs (can be read-only, write-only or read-write)
-- `serial` component, for serial communications with other devices (USB?)
+- `serial` component, for serial communications with other devices (see Serial)
 - `iron_noteblock` component
 - `colorful_lamp` component
 - OpenSolidState flash storage
@@ -67,3 +66,138 @@ NOTE: we're mostly bottlenecked by the architecture (typically a Lua VM) and the
 
 - make signals use a circular buffer instead of a simple array
 - use more arenas if possible
+
+# Unique components
+
+Subject to change, still being discussed with the other NeoFlock members.
+
+## Serial
+
+The `serial` component would have the methods:
+- `read(len: integer): string`, to read data
+- `write(data: string): boolean`, to send data
+- `isConnected(): boolean`, to check if the port is currently connected
+- `setProtocol(protocol: string): string`, sets the protocol string of our port, which may be truncated.
+- `getProtocol(): string`, gets the currently registered protocol of our port. Default is `raw`.
+
+It would also push the following signals:
+- `serial_connected(portAddress: string, protocol: string)`, when connected
+- `serial_protocol(portAddress: string, protocol: string)`, when other side changed protocol mid-connection.
+- `serial_disconnected(portAddress: string)`, when the port is disconnected
+- `serial_data(portAddress: string, amount: integer)`, when new data is available (and how much)
+
+## Radio
+
+For very large-distance telecommunications. Frequency is in Hz.
+
+The `radio_controller` component, which enables listening to connected radio towers
+- `isOpen(): boolean`, whether listening is enabled
+- `open(): boolean`, to open for listening
+- `close(): boolean`, to close the listener
+- `setRange(minimum: number, maximum: number): boolean`, sets the frequency range we listen for.
+- `getRange(): number, number`, gets the frequency range we listen for.
+
+The `radio_tower` component, which actually receives and sends the waves
+- `isEmitter(): boolean`, whether this tower can, in fact, send radio waves
+- `minFrequency(): number`, the minimum frequency it can detect and transmit
+- `maxFrequency(): number`, the maximum frequency it can detect and transmit
+- `getFrequencyResolution(): integer`, how many frequencies can be listened for in that range. The frequencies sent to the controller are rounded to one of
+these
+- `getRangeOf(frequency: number): number`, to get the maximum range for a given frequency
+- `maxPacketSize(): integer`, to get the maximum size that can be sent at once, typically 32KiB.
+- `getBaseFrequency(): number`, gets the base frequency of radio communications, typically 100 kHz.
+- `emit(frequency: number, data: string): boolean`, to emit a radio packet on a given frequency. The frequency must be in range, and will be rounded to one
+within resolution
+
+Radio waves travel at a (likely configurable) speed and have extremely large range on lower frequencies.
+They can also have bit flips.
+
+The range and speed are based off the frequency range. Given base frequency f0, base energy cost e0, base range r0, we can compute energy cost e, range r of a
+given frequency f using:
+- `r = r0 / (f / f0)`
+- `e = e0 * (f / f0)`
+
+When one is received, it will push:
+- `radio_message(localControllerAddress: string, localTowerAddress: string, distance: number, frequency: number, data: string)`, where frequency is rounded to
+within the resolution of the tower. It does ensure the frequency is within the controller range and the controller is open. Data may be corrupted by bit flips.
+Distance is in meters. As you can notice, there is no sender address. It is the responsibility of the protocol to identify and verify senders.
+
+## VT
+
+A generic virtual terminal. Like a GPU + screen, but with no VRAM.
+Has a 256-color palette representing ANSI 256 colors.
+Subsequently, colors 0-15 represent ANSI escape colors.
+The entire palette is editable.
+
+The `vt` component has:
+- `getResolution(): integer, integer`, to get the resolution. Cannot be changed
+- `getDepth(): integer`, to get the color depth. Cannot be changed
+- `getColor(index: integer): integer`, to get a color
+- `setColor(index: integer, color: integer): integer`, sets a color and returns the old one. Characters who's colors were table indexes would be updated
+- `setForeground(color: integer, fromTable?: boolean)`, sets a foreground color, optionally as a table index
+- `getForeground(): integer, integer?`, returns what the foreground color was, and the palette index if applicable
+- `setBackground(color: integer, fromTable?: boolean)`, sets a background color, optionally as a table index
+- `getBackground(): integer, integer?`, returns what the background color was, and the palette index if applicable
+- `set(idx: integer, data: string): boolean`, to write to the screen's unicode buffer. While `data` is UTF-8, the buffer stores codepoints. Pretend
+the terminal does an internal conversion from UTF-8 to UTF-32
+- `getColorOf(idx: integer): integer, integer, integer?, integer?`, to get the foreground color, background color, and palette indexes of a tile
+- `get(idx: integer, len: integer): string`, to get the contents of part of the VT's unicode buffer, encoded as UTF-8
+
+It also pushes the signals of keyboards and screens (no precise) for using input.
+
+The unicode buffer is a 0-indexed buffer of codepoints alongside the color data. When writing to the unicode buffer, it also writes to the color buffer.
+If `x` and `y` are 0-indexed, then `x + y * width` is the index in the buffer
+
+## CD drives
+
+The `cd_drive` component has:
+- `hasDisk(): boolean`, to check whether a disk is in the drive
+- `isReadonly(): boolean`, to check where the drive is read-only (often is)
+- `isDiskErasable(): boolean`, to check whether the disk is erasable, which requires support from both the disk and the drive
+- `tell(): integer`, current 0-indexed byte offset into the disk
+- `seekTo(position: integer): boolean`, seek to a current 0-indexed byte offset in the disk
+- `moveBy(delta: integer): boolean`, move the current position by some amount of bytes (+/-), can wrap around
+- `maxReadSize(): integer`, to return the maximum size of a read
+- `read(len: integer): string`, to read some data. Does wrap around
+- `write(data: string): boolean`, to write some data. Does wrap around.
+
+It also pushes the signals:
+- `cd_added(driveAddress: string)`, for when a disk is added
+- `cd_removed(driveAddress: string)`, for when a disk is removed
+
+### Writing to non-erasable drives
+
+Instead of erroring out, it instead ORs the bits between what was there and what is written. This means you can still write the initial contents,
+as the CD starts out 0'd, but subsequent writes are likely to corrupt previous.
+
+### CDs vs tape
+
+Tape is slow. CDs are fast.
+Tape is always fully writable. CDs may not always be erasable.
+Tape has high capacity, CDs do not.
+
+### CDs vs unmanaged floppies
+
+CDs are slower for random reads as they have no cache.
+
+## LED
+
+The `led_matrix` component has:
+- `getResolution(): integer, integer`, gets the resolution of the LED matrix.
+- `getIntensity(x: integer, y: integer): number`, gets the intensity of an LED.
+- `setIntensity(x: integer, y: integer, intensity: number): number`, sets the intensity of an LED and returns the old one.
+
+Intensity is between 0 (off) and 1 (full brightness).
+An LED matrix has really high call budget, thus it is ideal for frequency updating status updates.
+
+## Speaker
+
+TODO: interface
+
+## Microphone
+
+TODO: interface
+
+## OLED/IPU
+
+TODO: interface
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index b3ade10..331fe2b 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 	InitWindow(800, 600, "NeoNucleus Test Emulator");
 
 	// create the universe
-	nn_Universe *u = nn_createUniverse(&ctx);
+	nn_Universe *u = nn_createUniverse(&ctx, NULL);
 
 	nn_Architecture arch = getLuaArch();
 
@@ -370,9 +370,17 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 
 	nn_Component *eepromCard = ncl_createEEPROM(u, NULL, &nn_defaultEEPROMs[3], minBIOS, strlen(minBIOS), false);
 
+	nn_Filesystem mainfsconf;
+	nn_Filesystem fsparts[] = {
+		nn_defaultFilesystems[3],
+		nn_defaultFilesystems[3],
+		nn_defaultFilesystems[3],
+	};
+	nn_mergeFilesystems(&mainfsconf, fsparts, sizeof(fsparts) / sizeof(fsparts[0]));
+
 	char mainfspath[NN_MAX_PATH];
 	snprintf(mainfspath, NN_MAX_PATH, "data/%s", mainDir);
-	nn_Component *managedfs = ncl_createFilesystem(u, NULL, mainfspath, &nn_defaultFilesystems[3], true);
+	nn_Component *managedfs = ncl_createFilesystem(u, NULL, mainfspath, &mainfsconf, true);
 	nn_Component *tmpfs = ncl_createTmpFS(u, NULL, &nn_defaultTmpFS, NCL_FILECOST_DEFAULT, false);
 	nn_Component *testingfs = ncl_createTmpFS(u, NULL, &nn_defaultFilesystems[3], NCL_FILECOST_DEFAULT, false);
 
@@ -400,7 +408,12 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 		"while computer.uptime() < now + 3 do computer.pullSignal(0.05) end\n"
 		"computer.shutdown(true)\n"
 	;
-	nn_Component *testDrive = ncl_createDrive(u, NULL, &nn_defaultSSDs[3], testDriveData, strlen(testDriveData), false);
+	nn_Drive driveconf;
+	nn_Drive driveparts[] = {
+		nn_floppySSD,
+	};
+	nn_mergeDrives(&driveconf, driveparts, sizeof(driveparts) / sizeof(driveparts[0]));
+	nn_Component *testDrive = ncl_createDrive(u, NULL, &driveconf, testDriveData, strlen(testDriveData), false);
 
 	ncl_setCLabel(managedfs, "Main Filesystem");
 	ncl_setCLabel(testingfs, "Secondary Filesystem");
@@ -452,6 +465,22 @@ restart:;
 		nn_setEnergyHandler(c, NULL, ne_energy_accumulator);
 	}
 	nn_setCallBudget(c, 0);
+	
+	nn_EncodedNetworkContents contents;
+	nn_pushstring(c, "stuff");
+	nn_pushnull(c);
+	nn_pushnumber(c, 5.3);
+	nn_pushbool(c, false);
+	nn_encodeNetworkContents(c, &contents, 4);
+
+	nn_dropNetworkContents(&contents);
+
+	printf("size: %zu\n", contents.buflen);
+	for(size_t i = 0; i < contents.buflen; i++) {
+		unsigned char byte = contents.buf[i];
+		printf("%02X ", byte);
+	}
+	printf("\n");
 
 	// default for 64-bit
 	if(sizeof(void *) > 4) nn_setMemoryScale(c, 1.8);
@@ -468,7 +497,7 @@ restart:;
 	nn_mountComponent(c, eepromCard, 0);
 	nn_mountComponent(c, managedfs, 1);
 	nn_mountComponent(c, gpuCard, 2);
-	nn_mountComponent(c, testingfs, 3);
+	//nn_mountComponent(c, testingfs, 3);
 	nn_mountComponent(c, testDrive, 4);
 	while(true) {
 		if(WindowShouldClose()) break;
@@ -576,6 +605,8 @@ restart:;
 			nextTick = tickNow + tickDelay;
 			nn_clearstack(c);
 
+			nn_removeEnergy(c, ncl_getScreenEnergyUsage(nn_getComponentState(screen)));
+
 			if(getenv("NN_NOIDLE") != NULL) nn_resetIdleTime(c);
 			nn_Exit e = nn_tick(c);
 			if(e != NN_OK) {
diff --git a/src/ncomplib.c b/src/ncomplib.c
index 7b2aa15..2aa844f 100644
--- a/src/ncomplib.c
+++ b/src/ncomplib.c
@@ -3186,6 +3186,20 @@ const char *ncl_getKeyboard(ncl_ScreenState *state,
     return state->keyboards[idx];
 }
 
+double ncl_getScreenEnergyUsage(ncl_ScreenState *state) {
+	double sum = 0;
+	for(int y = 1; y <= state->viewportHeight; y++) {
+		for(int x = 1; x <= state->viewportWidth; x++) {
+			ncl_Pixel p = ncl_getScreenPixel(state, x, y);
+			sum += state->conf.energyPerPixel * nn_colorLuminance(p.bgColor);
+			if(p.codepoint != 0 && p.codepoint != ' ') {
+				sum += state->conf.energyPerPixel * nn_colorLuminance(p.fgColor);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return sum;
+}
+
 // general stuff
 
 bool ncl_isNCLID(const char *type) {
diff --git a/src/ncomplib.h b/src/ncomplib.h
index 50995c6..1b975ed 100644
--- a/src/ncomplib.h
+++ b/src/ncomplib.h
@@ -334,5 +334,6 @@ nn_Exit ncl_mountKeyboard(ncl_ScreenState *state, const char *keyboardAddress);
 void ncl_unmountKeyboard(ncl_ScreenState *state, const char *keyboardAddress);
 bool ncl_hasKeyboard(ncl_ScreenState *state, const char *keyboardAddress);
 const char *ncl_getKeyboard(ncl_ScreenState *state, size_t idx);
+double ncl_getScreenEnergyUsage(ncl_ScreenState *state);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/neonucleus.c b/src/neonucleus.c
index eac314a..2e756df 100644
--- a/src/neonucleus.c
+++ b/src/neonucleus.c
@@ -266,6 +266,23 @@ void nn_memset(void *dest, int x, size_t len) {
 	for(size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) out[i] = (char)x;
 }
 
+void nn_memreverse(void *dest, size_t len) {
+	size_t mid = len/2;
+	char *bytes = (char *)dest;
+	for(size_t i = 0; i < mid; i++) {
+		size_t j = len - i - 1;
+		char tmp = bytes[i];
+		bytes[i] = bytes[j];
+		bytes[j] = tmp;
+	}
+}
+
+bool nn_isLittleEndian() {
+	union {char c; size_t x;} test;
+	test.x = 1;
+	return test.c == 1;
+}
+
 // taken from https://wiki.osdev.org/CRC32
 // OSDev wiki is really useful sometimes
 // TODO: maybe allow one that uses compiler intrinsics
@@ -911,10 +928,13 @@ static const nn_HashContext nn_methodHasher = {
 	.handler = (nn_HashHandler *)nn_methodHash,
 };
 
-// currently just a wrapper around a context
-// but will be way more in the future
 typedef struct nn_Universe {
 	nn_Context ctx;
+	void *userdata;
+	// 0 for unbounded
+	size_t memoryLimit;
+	// 0 for unbounded
+	size_t storageLimit;
 } nn_Universe;
 
 typedef struct nn_ComponentEntry {
@@ -1030,10 +1050,13 @@ typedef struct nn_Computer {
 	char *users[NN_MAX_USERS];
 } nn_Computer;
 
-nn_Universe *nn_createUniverse(nn_Context *ctx) {
+nn_Universe *nn_createUniverse(nn_Context *ctx, void *userdata) {
 	nn_Universe *u = nn_alloc(ctx, sizeof(nn_Universe));
 	if(u == NULL) return NULL;
 	u->ctx = *ctx;
+	u->userdata = userdata;
+	u->memoryLimit = 0;
+	u->storageLimit = 0;
 	return u;
 }
 
@@ -1042,6 +1065,38 @@ void nn_destroyUniverse(nn_Universe *universe) {
 	nn_free(&ctx, universe, sizeof(nn_Universe));
 }
 
+void *nn_getUniverseData(nn_Universe *universe) {
+	return universe->userdata;
+}
+
+size_t nn_getUniverseMemoryLimit(nn_Universe *universe) {
+	return universe->memoryLimit;
+}
+
+void nn_setUniverseMemoryLimit(nn_Universe *universe, size_t limit) {
+	universe->memoryLimit = limit;
+}
+
+size_t nn_limitMemory(nn_Universe *universe, size_t memory) {
+	if(universe->memoryLimit == 0) return memory;
+	if(memory > universe->memoryLimit) memory = universe->memoryLimit;
+	return memory;
+}
+
+size_t nn_getUniverseStorageLimit(nn_Universe *universe) {
+	return universe->storageLimit;
+}
+
+void nn_setUniverseStorageLimit(nn_Universe *universe, size_t limit) {
+	universe->storageLimit = limit;
+}
+
+size_t nn_limitStorage(nn_Universe *universe, size_t storage) {
+	if(universe->memoryLimit == 0) return storage;
+	if(storage > universe->memoryLimit) storage = universe->storageLimit;
+	return storage;
+}
+
 double nn_default_energyHandler(void *state, nn_Computer *computer, double amount) {
 	(void)state;
 	(void)amount;
@@ -1062,6 +1117,8 @@ size_t nn_ramSizes[8] = {
 nn_Computer *nn_createComputer(nn_Universe *universe, void *userdata, const char *address, size_t totalMemory, size_t maxComponents, size_t maxDevices) {
 	nn_Context *ctx = &universe->ctx;
 
+	totalMemory = nn_limitMemory(universe, totalMemory);
+
 	nn_Computer *c = nn_alloc(ctx, sizeof(nn_Computer));
 	if(c == NULL) return NULL;
 
@@ -2491,8 +2548,8 @@ const nn_Drive nn_defaultSSDs[4] = {
 		.sectorSize = 512,
 		.platterCount = 2,
 		.cacheLineSize = 2,
-		.readsPerTick = 20,
-		.writesPerTick = 10,
+		.readsPerTick = 10,
+		.writesPerTick = 5,
 		.rpm = 0,
 		.onlySpinForwards = false,
 		.dataEnergyCost = 64.0 / NN_MiB,
@@ -2502,8 +2559,8 @@ const nn_Drive nn_defaultSSDs[4] = {
 		.sectorSize = 512,
 		.platterCount = 4,
 		.cacheLineSize = 4,
-		.readsPerTick = 30,
-		.writesPerTick = 15,
+		.readsPerTick = 15,
+		.writesPerTick = 7,
 		.rpm = 0,
 		.onlySpinForwards = false,
 		.dataEnergyCost = 128.0 / NN_MiB,
@@ -2513,8 +2570,8 @@ const nn_Drive nn_defaultSSDs[4] = {
 		.sectorSize = 512,
 		.platterCount = 8,
 		.cacheLineSize = 8,
-		.readsPerTick = 40,
-		.writesPerTick = 20,
+		.readsPerTick = 20,
+		.writesPerTick = 10,
 		.rpm = 0,
 		.onlySpinForwards = false,
 		.dataEnergyCost = 256.0 / NN_MiB,
@@ -2524,8 +2581,8 @@ const nn_Drive nn_defaultSSDs[4] = {
 		.sectorSize = 512,
 		.platterCount = 16,
 		.cacheLineSize = 16,
-		.readsPerTick = 60,
-		.writesPerTick = 30,
+		.readsPerTick = 30,
+		.writesPerTick = 15,
 		.rpm = 0,
 		.onlySpinForwards = false,
 		.dataEnergyCost = 512.0 / NN_MiB,
@@ -2537,8 +2594,8 @@ const nn_Drive nn_floppySSD = {
 	.sectorSize = 512,
 	.platterCount = 1,
 	.cacheLineSize = 2,
-	.readsPerTick = 10,
-	.writesPerTick = 5,
+	.readsPerTick = 5,
+	.writesPerTick = 2,
 	.rpm = 0,
 	.onlySpinForwards = true,
 	.dataEnergyCost = 16.0 / NN_MiB,
@@ -2553,6 +2610,7 @@ const nn_ScreenConfig nn_defaultScreens[4] = {
 		.paletteColors = 0,
 		.editableColors = 0,
 		.features = NN_SCRF_NONE,
+		.energyPerPixel = 0.05,
 	},
 	NN_INIT(nn_ScreenConfig) {
 		.maxWidth = 80,
@@ -2562,6 +2620,7 @@ const nn_ScreenConfig nn_defaultScreens[4] = {
 		.paletteColors = 16,
 		.editableColors = 0,
 		.features = NN_SCRF_MOUSE | NN_SCRF_TOUCHINVERTED,
+		.energyPerPixel = 0.05,
 	},
 	NN_INIT(nn_ScreenConfig) {
 		.maxWidth = 160,
@@ -2571,6 +2630,7 @@ const nn_ScreenConfig nn_defaultScreens[4] = {
 		.paletteColors = 256,
 		.editableColors = 16,
 		.features = NN_SCRF_MOUSE | NN_SCRF_TOUCHINVERTED | NN_SCRF_PRECISE | NN_SCRF_EDITABLECOLORS,
+		.energyPerPixel = 0.05,
 	},
 	NN_INIT(nn_ScreenConfig) {
 		.maxWidth = 240,
@@ -2580,6 +2640,7 @@ const nn_ScreenConfig nn_defaultScreens[4] = {
 		.paletteColors = 256,
 		.editableColors = 256,
 		.features = NN_SCRF_NONE | NN_SCRF_EDITABLECOLORS,
+		.energyPerPixel = 0.05,
 	},
 };
 
@@ -3280,6 +3341,117 @@ nn_Exit nn_pushLClipboard(nn_Computer *computer, const char *keyboardAddress, co
 	return nn_pushSignal(computer, 3);
 }
 
+nn_Exit nn_pushRedstoneChanged(nn_Computer *computer, const char *redstoneAddress, int side, int oldValue, int newValue, int color);
+
+nn_Exit nn_pushMotion(nn_Computer *computer, double relX, double relY, double relZ, const char *entityName);
+
+typedef enum nn_NetworkValueTag {
+	NN_NETVAL_NULL = 0x00,
+	NN_NETVAL_TRUE = 0x01,
+	NN_NETVAL_FALSE = 0x02,
+	NN_NETVAL_NUM = 0x03,
+	NN_NETVAL_STR = 0x04,
+	NN_NETVAL_RESOURCE = 0x05,
+	NN_NETVAL_TABLE = 0x06,
+} nn_NetworkValueTag;
+
+static size_t nn_sizeOfNetworkValue(nn_Value val);
+
+static size_t nn_sizeOfNetworkContents(nn_Value *vals, size_t len) {
+	size_t s = 0;
+	for(size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) s += nn_sizeOfNetworkValue(vals[i]);
+	return s;
+}
+
+static size_t nn_sizeOfNetworkValue(nn_Value val) {
+	// 1-byte tag, + value-dependant encoding
+	size_t n = 1;
+	switch(val.type) {
+	case NN_VAL_NULL:
+	case NN_VAL_BOOL:
+		break;
+	case NN_VAL_NUM:
+		n += sizeof(double);
+		break;
+	case NN_VAL_STR:
+		n += sizeof(size_t) + val.string->len;
+		break;
+	case NN_VAL_USERDATA:
+		n += sizeof(size_t);
+		break;
+	case NN_VAL_TABLE:
+		n += sizeof(size_t) + nn_sizeOfNetworkContents(val.table->vals, val.table->len);
+		break;
+	}
+	return n;
+}
+
+static size_t nn_encodeNetworkValue(nn_Value val, char *buf) {
+	size_t n = 0;
+	switch(val.type) {
+	case NN_VAL_NULL:
+		*buf = NN_NETVAL_NULL;
+		return 1;
+	case NN_VAL_BOOL:
+		*buf = val.boolean ? NN_NETVAL_TRUE : NN_NETVAL_FALSE;
+		return 1;
+	case NN_VAL_NUM:
+		*buf = NN_NETVAL_NUM;
+		nn_memcpy(buf + 1, &val.number, sizeof(double));
+		return 1 + sizeof(double);
+	case NN_VAL_STR:
+		*buf = NN_NETVAL_STR;
+		nn_memcpy(buf + 1, &val.string->len, sizeof(size_t));
+		nn_memcpy(buf + 1 + sizeof(size_t), val.string->data, val.string->len);
+		return 1 + sizeof(size_t) + val.string->len;
+	case NN_VAL_USERDATA:
+		*buf = NN_NETVAL_RESOURCE;
+		nn_memcpy(buf + 1, &val.userdataIdx, sizeof(size_t));
+		return 1 + sizeof(size_t);
+	case NN_VAL_TABLE:
+		*buf = NN_NETVAL_TABLE;
+		n = 1;
+		nn_memcpy(buf + n, &val.table->len, sizeof(size_t));
+		n += sizeof(size_t);
+		for(size_t i = 0; i < val.table->len; i++) {
+			n += nn_encodeNetworkValue(val.table->vals[i], buf + n);
+		}
+		return n;
+	}
+	*buf = NN_NETVAL_NULL;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+nn_Exit nn_encodeNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents, size_t valueCount) {
+	if(computer->stackSize < valueCount) return NN_EBELOWSTACK;
+	nn_Value *vals = computer->callstack + computer->stackSize - valueCount;
+	size_t len = nn_sizeOfNetworkContents(vals, valueCount);
+
+	contents->ctx = &computer->universe->ctx;
+	contents->valueCount = valueCount;
+	contents->buflen = len;
+	contents->buf = nn_alloc(contents->ctx, len);
+	if(contents->buf == NULL) return NN_ENOMEM;
+	nn_memset(contents->buf, 0, len);
+
+	size_t n = 0;
+	for(size_t i = 0; i < valueCount; i++) {
+		n += nn_encodeNetworkValue(vals[i], contents->buf + n);
+	}
+
+	return NN_OK;
+}
+
+nn_Exit nn_copyNetworkContents(nn_Context *ctx, nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents, const char *buf, size_t buflen, size_t valueCount);
+
+void nn_dropNetworkContents(nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents) {
+	nn_free(contents->ctx, contents->buf, contents->buflen);
+}
+
+nn_Exit nn_pushNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, const nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents);
+
+nn_Exit nn_pushModemMessage(nn_Computer *computer, const char *modemAddress, const char *sender, int port, double distance, const nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents);
+
 typedef enum nn_EENum {
 	NN_EENUM_GETSIZE,
 	NN_EENUM_GETDATASIZE,
@@ -3860,6 +4032,22 @@ nn_Component *nn_createFilesystem(nn_Universe *universe, const char *address, co
 	return c;
 }
 
+bool nn_mergeFilesystems(nn_Filesystem *merged, const nn_Filesystem *fs, size_t len) {
+	if(len == 0) return false;
+	*merged = fs[0];
+	for(size_t i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+		merged->readsPerTick += fs[i].readsPerTick;
+		merged->writesPerTick += fs[i].writesPerTick;
+		if(merged->maxReadSize < fs[i].maxReadSize) merged->maxReadSize = fs[i].maxReadSize;
+		merged->dataEnergyCost += fs[i].dataEnergyCost;
+		merged->spaceTotal += fs[i].spaceTotal;
+	}
+	merged->readsPerTick /= len;
+	merged->writesPerTick /= len;
+	merged->dataEnergyCost /= len;
+	return true;
+}
+
 static void nn_drive_seekPenalty(nn_Computer *C, size_t lastSector, size_t newSector, const nn_Drive *drive) {
 	// Check if SSD
 	if(drive->rpm == 0) return;
@@ -4064,6 +4252,36 @@ nn_Component *nn_createDrive(nn_Universe *universe, const char *address, const n
 	return c;
 }
 
+bool nn_mergeDrives(nn_Drive *merged, const nn_Drive *drives, size_t len) {
+	if(len == 0) return false;
+	*merged = drives[0];
+	for(size_t i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+		nn_Drive d = drives[i];
+		// invalid SSD/HDD combo
+		if(d.rpm == 0 && merged->rpm != 0) return false;
+		if(d.rpm != 0 && merged->rpm == 0) return false;
+		// conflicting sector sizes
+		if(d.sectorSize != merged->sectorSize) return false;
+		if(d.rpm != 0) {
+			if(d.onlySpinForwards && !merged->onlySpinForwards) return false;
+			if(!d.onlySpinForwards && merged->onlySpinForwards) return false;
+		}
+
+		merged->readsPerTick += d.readsPerTick;
+		merged->writesPerTick += d.writesPerTick;
+		merged->dataEnergyCost += d.dataEnergyCost;
+		merged->rpm += d.rpm;
+		merged->capacity += d.capacity;
+		merged->cacheLineSize += d.cacheLineSize;
+		merged->platterCount += d.platterCount;
+	}
+	merged->readsPerTick /= len;
+	merged->writesPerTick /= len;
+	merged->dataEnergyCost /= len;
+	merged->rpm /= len;
+	return true;
+}
+
 typedef enum nn_ScreenNum {
     NN_SCRNUM_ISON,
     NN_SCRNUM_TURNON,
@@ -4656,14 +4874,16 @@ static nn_Exit nn_gpuHandler(nn_ComponentRequest *req) {
         g.copy.h  = nn_tointeger(C, 3);
         g.copy.tx = nn_tointeger(C, 4);
         g.copy.ty = nn_tointeger(C, 5);
+		// prevent issues
+		if(g.copy.w < 0) g.copy.w = 0;
+		if(g.copy.w > g.gpu->maxWidth) g.copy.w = g.gpu->maxWidth;
+		if(g.copy.h < 0) g.copy.h = 0;
+		if(g.copy.h > g.gpu->maxHeight) g.copy.h = g.gpu->maxHeight;
         e = cls->handler(&g);
         if(e) return e;
         req->returnCount = 1;
 		nn_costComponent(C, req->compAddress, cls->gpu.copyPerTick);
-		// prevent issues
-		if(g.copy.tx < 1) g.copy.tx = 1;
-		if(g.copy.ty < 1) g.copy.ty = 1;
-		nn_removeEnergy(C, cls->gpu.energyPerWrite * g.copy.tx * g.copy.ty);
+		nn_removeEnergy(C, cls->gpu.energyPerWrite * g.copy.w  * g.copy.h);
         return nn_pushbool(C, true);
     }
     //  fill 
@@ -4681,15 +4901,17 @@ static nn_Exit nn_gpuHandler(nn_ComponentRequest *req) {
         g.fill.y = nn_tointeger(C, 1);
         g.fill.w = nn_tointeger(C, 2);
         g.fill.h = nn_tointeger(C, 3);
+		// prevent issues
+		if(g.fill.w < 0) g.fill.w = 0;
+		if(g.fill.w > g.gpu->maxWidth) g.fill.w = g.gpu->maxWidth;
+		if(g.fill.h < 0) g.fill.h = 0;
+		if(g.fill.h > g.gpu->maxHeight) g.fill.h = g.gpu->maxHeight;
         g.fill.codepoint = nn_unicode_firstCodepoint(
             nn_tostring(C, 4));
         e = cls->handler(&g);
         if(e) return e;
         req->returnCount = 1;
 		nn_costComponent(C, req->compAddress, cls->gpu.fillPerTick);
-		// prevent issues
-		if(g.fill.w < 1) g.fill.w = 1;
-		if(g.fill.h < 1) g.fill.h = 1;
 		nn_removeEnergy(C, (g.fill.codepoint == ' ' ? cls->gpu.energyPerClear : cls->gpu.energyPerWrite) * g.fill.w * g.fill.h);
         return nn_pushbool(C, true);
     }
@@ -4798,6 +5020,15 @@ static nn_Exit nn_gpuHandler(nn_ComponentRequest *req) {
         g.bitblt.src     = nn_tointeger(C, 5);
         g.bitblt.fromCol = nn_tointeger(C, 6);
         g.bitblt.fromRow = nn_tointeger(C, 7);
+		if(g.bitblt.w < 0) g.copy.w = 0;
+		if(g.bitblt.w > g.gpu->maxWidth) g.bitblt.w = g.gpu->maxWidth;
+		if(g.bitblt.h < 0) g.copy.h = 0;
+		if(g.bitblt.h > g.gpu->maxHeight) g.bitblt.h = g.gpu->maxHeight;
+		if(g.bitblt.dst == 0 || g.bitblt.src == 0) {
+			// taxed as a copy
+			nn_costComponent(C, req->compAddress, g.gpu->copyPerTick);
+			nn_removeEnergy(C, g.gpu->energyPerWrite * g.bitblt.w * g.bitblt.h);
+		}
         e = cls->handler(&g);
         if(e) return e;
         req->returnCount = 1;
diff --git a/src/neonucleus.h b/src/neonucleus.h
index 41caa7a..ad166cb 100644
--- a/src/neonucleus.h
+++ b/src/neonucleus.h
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ void *_alloca(size_t);
 #define NN_KiB (1024)
 #define NN_MiB (1024 * NN_KiB)
 #define NN_GiB (1024 * NN_MiB)
-// probably recursive: #define NN_TiB (1024 * NN_TiB)
 #define NN_TiB ((size_t)1024 * NN_GiB)
 
 // the alignment an allocation should have
@@ -309,8 +308,15 @@ typedef enum nn_Exit {
 // This stores necessary data between computers
 typedef struct nn_Universe nn_Universe;
 
-nn_Universe *nn_createUniverse(nn_Context *ctx);
+nn_Universe *nn_createUniverse(nn_Context *ctx, void *userdata);
 void nn_destroyUniverse(nn_Universe *universe);
+void *nn_getUniverseData(nn_Universe *universe);
+size_t nn_getUniverseMemoryLimit(nn_Universe *universe);
+size_t nn_limitMemory(nn_Universe *universe, size_t memory);
+void nn_setUniverseMemoryLimit(nn_Universe *universe, size_t limit);
+size_t nn_getUniverseStorageLimit(nn_Universe *universe);
+void nn_setUniverseStorageLimit(nn_Universe *universe, size_t limit);
+size_t nn_limitStorage(nn_Universe *universe, size_t storage);
 
 // The actual computer
 typedef struct nn_Computer nn_Computer;
@@ -1071,6 +1077,8 @@ extern const nn_Filesystem nn_defaultTmpFS;
 
 nn_Component *nn_createFilesystem(nn_Universe *universe, const char *address, const nn_Filesystem *fs, void *state, nn_FSHandler *handler);
 
+bool nn_mergeFilesystems(nn_Filesystem *merged, const nn_Filesystem *fs, size_t len);
+
 // Drive class
 
 typedef struct nn_Drive {
@@ -1186,6 +1194,8 @@ typedef nn_Exit (nn_DriveHandler)(nn_DriveRequest *request);
 
 nn_Component *nn_createDrive(nn_Universe *universe, const char *address, const nn_Drive *drive, void *state, nn_DriveHandler *handler);
 
+bool nn_mergeDrives(nn_Drive *merged, const nn_Drive *drives, size_t len);
+
 // Screen class
 
 typedef enum nn_ScreenFeatures {
@@ -1226,6 +1236,10 @@ typedef struct nn_ScreenConfig {
 	int editableColors;
 	// the maximum depth of the screen
 	char maxDepth;
+	// energy per fully white pixel.
+	// Scaled to mathc luminance of each pixel.
+	// This is meant to be per Minecraft tick, so 20 times per second.
+	double energyPerPixel;
 } nn_ScreenConfig;
 
 // OC has 3 tiers, NN adds a 4th one as well.
@@ -1694,12 +1708,21 @@ typedef struct nn_EncodedNetworkContents {
 // an encoding anyways.
 // This only encodes the contents, not the sender, hops, or other metadata which may be needed in the queue.
 // This does not pop the values, in case you need them afterwards. If you don't just call nn_popn().
-// The encoding is universal, so it is perfectly fine to store on-disk.
+// The encoding is architecture-dependent, so be careful with storing it on-disk.
+// Do note that the architecture-dependent parts are sizeof(double), sizeof(size_t) and endianness.
+// The encoding is simple:
+// - 0x00 for null
+// - 0x01 for true
+// - 0x02 for false
+// - 0x03 + <bytes of double> for a number
+// - 0x04 + <bytes of size_t length> + <bytes> for a string
+// - 0x05 + <bytes of size_t id> for resource
+// - 0x06 + <bytes of size_t length> + <values> for a table
 nn_Exit nn_encodeNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents, size_t valueCount);
 // Allocates a copy of [buf] and stores it in contents.
 // This is useful for copying network contents, either from storage or from another buffer.
-nn_Exit nn_copyNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents, const char *buf, size_t buflen, size_t valueCount);
-void nn_dropNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents);
+nn_Exit nn_copyNetworkContents(nn_Context *ctx, nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents, const char *buf, size_t buflen, size_t valueCount);
+void nn_dropNetworkContents(nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents);
 // Pushes the encoded contents onto the stack.
 // This does not drop the network contents.
 nn_Exit nn_pushNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, const nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents);
@@ -1707,7 +1730,7 @@ nn_Exit nn_pushNetworkContents(nn_Computer *computer, const nn_EncodedNetworkCon
 // push a modem_message, can be queued by both modems and tunnels.
 // This does not check if the modem has that port open, so make sure to check it yourself.
 // It does not check if the distance is within the modem's range, if it is wireless, and thus does not send it.
-// Note that if a relay with a card should change the sender.
+// Note that relays should change the sender.
 nn_Exit nn_pushModemMessage(nn_Computer *computer, const char *modemAddress, const char *sender, int port, double distance, const nn_EncodedNetworkContents *contents);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus